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Téranga Nature

Près d’un milliard d’hectares de sols touchés par la salinisation à travers le monde

Près d’un milliard d’hectares de sols touchés par la salinisation à travers le monde

L’Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’alimentation et l’agriculture (FAO) a présenté mercredi la Carte mondiale des sols touchés par la salinisation, un outil clé qui permettra de mettre fin à la salinisation et de stimuler la productivité.

Près d’un milliard d’hectares de sols touchés par la salinisation ont été recensés à travers le monde (soit 8,7% des sols de la planète). Ces sols sont principalement observés en milieu naturellement aride ou semi-aride, en Afrique, en Asie et en Amérique latine.

La carte, qui a été présentée à l’ouverture d’un colloque international sur les sols touchés par la salinisation, montre également que 20 à 50% des sols irrigués sur l’ensemble des continents sont trop salés, ce qui signifie que plus de 1,5 milliard de personnes dans le monde sont confrontées à des défis importants liés à la production de denrées alimentaires, du fait de la dégradation des sols. 

La carte est le fruit d’un projet conjoint réunissant 118 pays et des centaines de collecteurs de données. Elle permet aux experts de localiser les zones où il convient d’adopter des pratiques de gestion durable des sols afin de prévenir la salinisation et la sodification et de gérer durablement les sols touchés par la salinisation. Elle fournit également des informations aux responsables politiques dans le cadre de projets portant sur l’adaptation au changement climatique et sur l’irrigation.

« Nous devons rechercher des moyens novateurs permettant de transformer nos systèmes agroalimentaires, afin que ceux-ci soient plus efficaces, plus inclusifs, plus résilients et plus durables», a déclaré M. Qu Dongyu, Directeur général de la FAO, lors de la cérémonie d’ouverture du colloque.

L’origine de toute vie terrestre

Si l’eau est source de vie, les sols sont à l’origine de toute vie terrestre. Des sols sains sont indispensables à la concrétisation des objectifs de développement durable des Nations Unies et sont au cœur des quatre améliorations de la FAO, à savoir une meilleure production, une meilleure nutrition, un meilleur environnement et de meilleures conditions de vie, tout en ne laissant personne de côté.

Les sols peuvent être très rapidement touchés par la salinisation, et ce pour diverses raisons, notamment une mauvaise gestion, une utilisation excessive ou inappropriée des engrais, la déforestation, l’élévation du niveau de la mer, une nappe phréatique peu profonde affectant la rhizosphère et l’intrusion d’eau de mer dans les eaux souterraines utilisées pour l’irrigation.

Le changement climatique aggrave également la situation. Certains modèles indiquent que la superficie des zones arides de la planète pourrait augmenter de 23 pour cent – principalement dans les pays en développement – d’ici à la fin du siècle.

Les sols touchés par la salinisation du fait des activités humaines (sols salés, sodiques et salsodiques) sont moins fertiles et moins productifs et compromettent la lutte contre la faim et la pauvreté. Ils provoquent également une détérioration de la qualité de l’eau et une diminution de la biodiversité des sols, tout en aggravant l’érosion des sols.

L’objectif du colloque est de susciter une prise de conscience et de lutter contre ce problème au moyen de différents outils. De bonnes pratiques de gestion et de remise en état des sols touchés par la salinisation seront présentées et un concours de photographie permettra aux participants de partager leurs propres expériences des effets de la salinisation et de la sodification des sols.

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