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L’avenir du transport urbain au Sénégal passe-t-il par les motos-taxis ?

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Comme ailleurs en Afrique de l’Ouest, avec les « Zémidjan » au Bénin, les « Bend-skins » au Cameroun, les « Oléya » au Togo ou encore les « Kabou Kabou » au Niger, les motos-taxis ont fait irruption dans les villes sénégalaises. De marque KTM, importées d’Asie, elles sont dénommées Jakarta.

Dans un pays où l’État a toujours voulu imposer une offre publique de transport, en particulier à Dakar, la présence d’une alternative privée compétitive dérange les habitudes. L’exemple en est donné par les fameux « cars rapides ». Apparus dès la Seconde Guerre mondiale, mais généralisés à partir des années 1980 dans la capitale et sa banlieue, ces minibus relevant du secteur privé ont rapidement mordu sur le monopole de la compagnie publique d’autobus (qui représentait moins de 10 % des déplacements dans les années 2000. Dans les villes secondaires, seuls les taxis berlines remplissaient le vide.

L’arrivée des Jakarta a changé la donne. Cette offre est-elle partie pour être durable ? À quelles catégories de population des villes secondaires profite-t-elle ? Comment s’insère-t-elle dans un paysage urbain soumis au pouvoir des municipalités et des services déconcentrés de l’État ?

À l’université de Saint-Louis du Sénégal, un programme de recherches du laboratoire Leïdi observe et analyse les comportements de mobilité des jeunes Sénégalais en milieu urbain (mais aussi en milieu rural). Pour saisir les logiques à l’œuvre dans les villes secondaires (telles que Diourbel, Louga, Thiès, Kolda, Ziguinchor ou encore Tambacounda), deux axes de travail ont été privilégiés : d’une part, l’observation des principaux acteurs, les conducteurs de motos, en empruntant nous-mêmes les Jakarta ; d’autre part, la multiplication des entretiens avec les responsables de l’activité dans les points de stationnement, ainsi qu’avec des élus ou des usagers.

Proche des gens, proche des jeunes

L’étude a permis de montrer le succès que rencontre ce mode de transport, en particulier dans les périphéries des villes et jusque dans les villages proches. Le Jakarta est devenu populaire parmi les écoliers et étudiants, les ouvriers, les commerçants, mais aussi chez les femmes qui se rendent à leur travail, aux centres de soins ou au marché.

Utilisant de longue date le transport informel (taxis clandestins ou « clandos », charrettes et calèches), la population découvre un nouveau moyen de déplacement avec les motos-taxis. En dépit d’un prix à la course (250 à 300 FCFA, soit autour de 0,4 euro) parfois plus élevé que celui des minibus, des charrettes ou même des taxis (seulement 100 à 200 FCFA par client quand ils sont plusieurs), le Jakarta offre des avantages indéniables : rapides et flexibles, ils sont disponibles à tout instant, ils embarquent ou débarquent le client au domicile, ils le mènent à son lieu de travail, à l’intérieur des marchés, dans les quartiers difficiles d’accès (pistes en sable, présence de relief).

De fait, l’apport des Jakarta est positivement apprécié par les usagers : « Ils nous facilitent beaucoup les déplacements dans la ville, nous n’avons plus besoin de faire des kilomètres de marche », selon un père de famille, qui ajoute : « Du fait de leur coût abordable, les motos rendent plus aisé le déplacement des élèves qui étudient dans les écoles loin des domiciles. »

Le deuxième avantage provient de l’activité elle-même. C’est un secteur d’emplois florissant pour la population dont le taux de chômage est élevé : 18,5 % à l’échelle nationale, mais 67,5 % pour les jeunes hommes. Face aux problèmes socio-économiques que rencontrent les ménages urbains et ruraux, la possibilité de trouver à s’employer comme conducteur de moto-taxi est séduisante.

Le développement des Jakarta s’accompagne de celui de nombreuses activités connexes telles que la vente de pièces de rechange, le montage, la réparation ou encore le lavage. Selon le coordonnateur national des motos-taxi du Sénégal, plus de 100 000 jeunes opèrent dans plus d’une vingtaine de villes. Les conducteurs sont d’origines diverses : simples chômeurs, actifs ayant abandonné leur précédente activité (petit commerce, charretier, menuisier, mécanicien, maçon, couturier, coiffeur), mais aussi diplômés sans emploi. Ces derniers associent parfois le transport en moto-taxi à un autre métier.

Les raisons et les limites du succès des Jakarta

La simplicité de l’activité explique sa popularité parmi les jeunes. Ce sont des motos aisées à conduire et peu exigeantes en termes de qualifications : tout conducteur en leur possession peut devenir taximan. Elles ne sont pas assignées à des sites de stationnement définis et réglementés par l’État ou les administrations communales. La plupart fonctionnent à partir de lieux improvisés et informels, près des marchés, des hôpitaux, des écoles. Beaucoup circulent sur les grandes artères à la recherche de clients potentiels et s’arrêtent ou font demi-tour dès qu’elles sont sollicitées.

Le lien avec le propriétaire est le même que dans les autres secteurs du transport. Il n’y a pas de contrat, les rapports sont essentiellement basés sur la confiance, l’employé étant un parent, un ami, un voisin. Les conducteurs ont l’obligation de verser quotidiennement ou chaque semaine une somme fixée entre 2 500 et 3 000 FCFA la journée. Leur salaire est constitué de ce qui subsiste après le versement, mais le carburant et les pannes demeurent à leur charge.

L’activité procure des revenus importants. Selon les conducteurs interrogés, les gains journaliers hors « versement » varient de 4 000 à 8 000 FCFA, soit un gain mensuel moyen de 180 000 FCFA, bien au-dessus du salaire minimum agricole (environ 29 300 FCFA) et non agricole (environ 33 500 FCFA). C’est ce qui pousse nombre de conducteurs à vouloir devenir propriétaires. Au départ, ceux-ci sont plutôt des commerçants, des fonctionnaires, des enseignants. Mais souvent, après un an d’activité, certains chauffeurs deviennent indépendants et acquièrent une moto personnelle, à 375 000-400 000 FCFA. Le risque pour eux est de reproduire le mode hiérarchique précédent, à savoir la sous-traitance de la conduite à un jeune frère ou à un cousin, et donc d’introduire un nouvel acteur dont ils dépendront et qui, lui aussi, cherchera son indépendance.

La présence des motos-taxi pose de nombreux problèmes. Elles sont à l’origine d’innombrables accidents de la circulation. À Kaolack, en 2014, plus de 4 000 victimes d’accidents de la route, provoqués par des Jakarta, ont été répertoriées par le centre hospitalier régional. Les motos-taxis sont pilotées par des jeunes gens âgés de moins de 30 ans, parfois seulement de 15 ans, souvent inexpérimentés. Leur manque de formation, leur fougue, leur inconscience aussi poussent les conducteurs au-delà des principes de base de la sécurité routière (par excès de vitesse, absence de casque, non-respect du code de la route, ou encore manque de sommeil). Le secteur ne connaît jusque-là aucune réglementation de la part des pouvoirs publics ou des autorités municipales, les motos ne disposent pas de papiers en règle.

Vers la formalisation

Face à la concurrence montante des Jakarta qui ne s’acquittent d’aucune taxe, les taximen se mettent en grève, comme à Thiès ou Diourbel. Ce qui oblige les autorités à réagir. Ces dernières ont pensé interdire ce mode de transport en renforçant les patrouilles des forces de l’ordre, en développant les saisies et les mises en fourrières des motos, en interdisant certaines artères ou la circulation durant la nuit. Mais les contestations de la part des conducteurs comme des usagers montrent l’attachement de ces derniers aux Jakarta.

Plus récemment, les autorités réfléchissent aux moyens de formaliser l’activité. En favorisant les formations, la sensibilisation à la sécurité, les immatriculations, l’instauration du permis de conduire, du principe de l’assurance, du paiement d’une taxe municipale (de l’ordre de 2 000 à 3 000 FCFA par mois). En organisant les lieux de stationnement placés sous l’autorité d’un chef de garage, avec un tour de rôle et un tarif fixé à l’avance. En renouvelant l’offre de véhicules avec le projet de remplacement des Jakarta par des tricycles, porté par le ministère de l’Emploi en partenariat avec l’ambassade de l’Inde. En soutenant les projets des Agences de développement local de Kaolack ou Tambacounda (« Taxi-Jakarta »), qui visent à formaliser le métier de conducteur. La lente reconnaissance de l’activité des motos-taxi par les pouvoirs publics aide à la consolidation des dispositifs de régulation internes au milieu (regroupements professionnels tels que l’association Taxi Moto Tamba (TMT) dans la ville de Tambacounda).

En dépit des réserves que les Jakarta suscitent, les populations des villes sénégalaises ne peuvent plus s’en passer ; les pouvoirs publics, incapables d’offrir un transport alternatif adéquat, ne peuvent s’en débarrasser. Si le secteur reste largement informel, son acceptation par l’État et sa popularité lui assurent un avenir certain qui devra nécessairement passer par l’adoption de mesures de régulation et de réglementation.

Aliou Ndao

Géographe, enseignant vacataire, Université Gaston Berger

Jérôme Lombard

Géographe, Directeur de recherches, Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD)

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