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Téranga Nature

Le “jour du dépassement”, symbole de la surconsommation humaine

Le “jour du dépassement”, symbole de la surconsommation humaine

Nourriture, forêts, absorption du carbone… Les hommes consomment toujours plus sur une planète aux ressources naturelles limitées: c’est ce que marque ce lundi le “jour du dépassement”, qui tombe chaque année un peu plus tôt.

Qu’est-ce que le “jour du dépassement” ?

Le “jour du dépassement” (“Overshoot Day”) symbolise la date où l’humanité a consommé l’ensemble des ressources naturelles que la Terre peut renouveler sur une année (forêts, poissons, terres cultivables…).

Il est calculé depuis 2003 par l’ONG américaine Global Footprint Network pour illustrer la consommation toujours plus rapide d’une population humaine en expansion sur une planète limitée.

La date est calculée en croisant l’empreinte écologique des activités humaines (surfaces terrestre et maritime nécessaires pour produire les ressources consommées et pour absorber les déchets de la population) et la “biocapacité” de la Terre (capacité des écosystèmes à se régénérer et à absorber les déchets produits par l’Homme, notamment la séquestration du CO2).

De plus en plus tôt

Le “dépassement” se produit quand la pression humaine dépasse les capacités de régénération des écosystèmes naturels. Ce dépassement se fait en “grignotant” le capital naturel de la Terre et donc “en amenuisant d’autant sa capacité régénérative future”, souligne le Global Footprint Network.

Selon l’ONG, ce déficit écologique a commencé à se creuser au début des années 1970: 29 décembre en 1970, 4 novembre en 1980, 11 octobre en 1990, 23 septembre en 2000, 7 août en 2010.

Cette année, il tombe le 29 juillet, même date que l’an dernier (en 2018, la date avait été annoncée pour le 1er août, mais l’ONG qui recalcule en permanence toutes les dates avec les dernières données disponibles l’a réévaluée). L’humanité a donc consommé l’ensemble des ressources renouvelables disponibles sur une année en seulement sept mois.

Pour les illustrer, le Global Footprint Network calcule le jour du dépassement pour chaque pays, ce qui correspond à la date à laquelle le dépassement surviendrait si toute la planète consommait comme ce pays.

Ainsi, en 2019, le dépassement tombe dès le 11 février pour le Qatar et le 16 février pour le Luxembourg, mais seulement le 25 décembre pour la Birmanie et le 26 décembre pour le Kirghizstan.

Pour les Etats-Unis, c’est le 15 mars, le 26 avril en Russie, le 14 mai en France, le 14 juin en Chine, ou le 31 juillet au Brésil.

En d’autres termes, si toute la population mondiale vivait comme les Américains, il faudrait 5 planètes pour subvenir aux besoins de l’humanité de façon durable ou 2,2 planètes si tout le monde vivait comme les Chinois.

Des solutions ?

Fait pour marquer les esprits, le “jour du dépassement” est symbolique, mais les comportements qu’il met en cause et leurs conséquences sont largement documentés par les scientifiques, du dérèglement climatique à la disparition catastrophique des espèces et des écosystèmes.

Les derniers rapports des experts de l’ONU sur le réchauffement climatique et sur la biodiversité identifient clairement les directions à suivre: réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre, sortie des énergies fossiles, changement drastique du modèle de production agro-alimentaire…

“Nous devons radicalement transformer la façon dont nous produisons et dont nous consommons”, résume lundi sur Twitter le Programme de l’ONU pour l’environnement.

Global Footprint Network, qui a lancé la campagne#movethedate (faire reculer la date), assure par exemple que réduire de 50% les émissions de CO2 issues de la combustion d’énergies fossiles permettrait de repousser le jour du dépassement de 93 jours.

“En divisant par deux la consommation de protéines animales, nous pourrions repousser la date du jour du dépassement de 15 jours”, selon WWF, partenaire de l’événement depuis 2007.

© 2019 AFP 

Pour le dire d’une autre façon, il faudrait 1,75 Terre pour subvenir aux besoins de la population mondiale de façon durable.

Du Qatar au Kirghizstan

Il existe d’énormes différences entre pays, liées notamment à leur développement économique et aux modèles de production et de consommation.

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